NSRAA’s Evaluation Program is responsible for the collection and analysis of various fish husbandry, hatchery return, and commercial fishery data. The program deals largely with adult returns and tracks and analyses a variety of data that is used in making critical in-season management of fisheries and run utilization. Post season analysis generates estimates of survival, fishery contributions, forecasting future returns, and as feedback for evaluating various rearing and release strategies for all NSRAA projects. The program also maintains several databases relating to NSRAA’s salmon releases, returns, and economic value of commercial and cost recovery harvests. Various summaries from these databases are available in the Data Section on this web site (link).
The collection of this data requires a synthesis of rearing, release, and return information from all our projects. Quality assurance and a robust sampling program are conducted each year at each of NSRAA’s return sites and many fisheries within the region. During the peak weeks of the fisheries, NSRAA’s Evaluation staff can be found on the docks, at processing plants, on the water, or at the hatcheries collecting otolith, scale, coded-wire tag (CWT), sex, weight, and length data on tens of thousands of Chum, Chinook, and Coho salmon.
Sex ratios and age structure from the terminal fisheries are particularly helpful in assessing run timing. Similarly, the origin of thermally marked hatchery fish (Link to ADF&G descript) intercepted offshore and in state sponsored test fisheries are invaluable for determining early run strength and whether a surplus over brood stock needs might be available for a specific hatchery.
Work is based out of the Sitka office which includes our Evaluation Program Laboratory, equipped to read both scales and otoliths. Otoliths collected across the region are processed and analyzed here using a modular grinder to expose the inner layers of the sagittal otolith and examined under microscope. A laminated impression of each scale is examined with a microfiche or microfilm scanner. Thermally marked otoliths are also analyzed in this laboratory prior to release of juvenile smolts/fry, from each of our projects for quality assurance. Evaluation staff will coordinate the collection of “voucher” specimens in conjunction with ADF&G. The representative samples of voucher otoliths examined by ADFG become available in the Voucher Summary Report (link to ADFG page), a database of all salmon species marked by all hatcheries throughout Alaska.
While NSRAA samples many adult fish for CWT’s and does have the capacity to dissect and analyze these tags, CWT sampled fish are sent to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) Mark, Tag, and Age laboratory in Juneau. Data is then uploaded and queried from the Mark, Tag, and Age Lab database (link here).
Tagging operations must also occur at each of our facilities that release either coho or chinook smolts annually. These operations are conducted via manual injection of microscopic coded-wire tags (CWT) (link?). A CWT is a small piece of stainless-steel wire about 1 millimeter long that is injected into the snout of a juvenile salmon. The tag contains a unique code that identifies the individual or group as part of a specific hatchery release site. Each year, NSRAA staff manually tag between 700,000 and 800,000 coho and chinook smolts using mark IV injectors and Quality Control Devices manufactured by Northwest Marine Technology. This work usually encompasses the majority of the summer and fall months while fish are quickly growing in fresh water rearing containers. Each site where we tag differs logistically and our staff have many creative iterations of this process. Most recently, a manual tagging operation was retrofitted by NSRAA maintenance staff from a cargo trailer to serve as a more mobile operation.
Other special projects that the Research and Evaluation Program undertake can include:
- Environmental monitoring including benthic and zone of deposit surveys for ADEC compliance
- Fish pathology
- Water testing for ADEC compliance
- Generating reports for ADF&G, NSRAA board of Directors, and other industry related groups
NSRAA also conducts and funds various Research Projects which investigate a wide range of topics relating to salmon fisheries and biology to help us make informed, prudent decisions as fishery managers.
ONGOING STUDIES:
Hidden Falls Hatchery-Chatham Strait Predator Abundance Survey
To determine the cause of declining marine survival of salmon produced at Hidden Falls Hatchery, a multiyear study has been undertaken to assess the composition and biomass of predators in vicinity to the hatchery and surrounding fish release locations. Acoustic surveys and rod and reel sampling occur relative to fish release timing. Carbon isotope analysis is also a component of this study. Predatory fish that have consumed hatchery fry will exhibit a “signature” that is specific to the terrestrial protein-based commercial fish feed, and an estimate can then be made of predatory effectiveness.
Homing and Imprinting of Hatchery Chum Fry
In an effort to learn more about hatchery fry imprinting, NSRAA is monitoring chum fry post release as well as examining the water chemistry and amino acid profiles of streams near release locations and comparing those with the hatchery incubation water sources. Furthermore, in cooperation with the Sitka Sound Science Center, University of Alaska, and NOAA Fisheries, NSRAA is exploring the feasibility of utilizing amino acids derived from cultivated kelp and red algae as a tool for improving homing efficacy in chum salmon. Since the early 2010’s, NSRAA has utilized permitted net pen towing as a predator avoidance maneuver just prior to releasing fish. Since these fish were uniquely tagged by release group, we have also applied an opportunistic method of comparing coded-wire tag recoveries by release group in terminal and non-terminal areas for examining homing behavior among treatments of coho salmon released from Hidden Falls Hatchery.
Pink and Chum Hatchery Wild Study
A 10-year study with the Sitka Sound Science Center, Alaska private non-profit aquaculture associations, ADFG, NOAA and UAF to understand the effects of hatchery pink and chum straying in Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound. Components of the study include examining genetic stock structure of pink and chum, determining degree of annual straying of hatchery fish, as well as the impacts of straying on fitness (productivity) of wild salmon. Home page for the Alaska Hatchery Research Project.
Chinook Zero-check Production Development
NSRAA’s Research and Evaluation Department is currently undertaking several studies associated with the refinement and amelioration of zero-check chinook production. Zero-check (or “ocean-type”) chinook are released from the hatchery as a subyearling rather than the one-check or “stream-type” life history strategy most seen in Southeast Alaskan salmon hatcheries. Because the time spent reared in the hatchery is of shorter duration, a zero-check is a much more cost and resource efficient smolt to produce. Historically, hatchery staff have had difficulty achieving consistent marine survival and meeting in-hatchery performance benchmarks on an annual basis with zero-check production fish.
In 2023, one aspect of zero-check production that will be studied is trialing three maturation inducing hormones to accelerate the spawn timing of chinook broodstock. Moving the spawn date to earlier in the season will lengthen the spring rearing window and allow more opportunity for growth to reach size goals and improve marine survival probability.
Additionally, NSRAA has partnered with NOAA Fisheries Little Port Walter Marine Station on other zero-check production improvement strategies. Specifically, in 2023 NSRAA and NOAA will undertake a smoltification study to determine optimal saltwater entry timing by measuring ATPase and blood chloride levels between the widely propagated Andrews Creek stock and the experimental Keta River stock chinook.
NSRAA and NOAA continue to work closely in developing and building the Keta River stock chinook adult returns. In 2013, the Keta stock was selected by NOAA and ADFG as the ideal candidate for development of a new broodstock source with a natural propensity for out-migrating as a zero-check, and for being a large, fast-growing stock that recruited into the troll fisheries well. It was then brought into the hatchery at Little Port Walter for propagation and development. It is the long-range vision that this stock will be built to sufficient levels to warrant transfer to NSRAA for fisheries enhancement purposes.
Salmon Lake Coho Weir Monitoring
In 2007, NSRAA took over operation of the Salmon Lake weir to fulfill permitting requirements for the Sawmill Creek Hatchery. Additionally, Medvejie Hatchery transitioned to using Salmon Lake coho as more suitable broodstock source for its coho production at Medvejie and Sawmill Creek. To monitor wild stock escapement as well as ensure hatchery fish were homing appropriately, NSRAA and ADFG cooperatively operated a weir on Salmon Lake outflow to allow wild fish passage and intercept hatchery strays. This monitoring project was concluded in 2021.
PAST STUDIES:
Previous studies and projects have revolved around understanding adult and juvenile chum movement throughout Sitka Sound, such as acoustic tagging of adults, fry migration monitoring, and evaluation of chum fry food habits post release. Additionally, substantial work went into pioneering the fisheries technology of utilizing hanging lakes for coho production and consequential establishment of new terminal harvest areas. This work also entailed lake fertilization, and limnological and ecological analysis of large freshwater lakes in Southeast Alaska.
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